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2. Emissive Layer (EL/EML)

2.1 Common Materials

Emissive Layer (EL/EML) materials commonly include:

  • Anthracene single crystal
  • Alq3 (Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum)
  • Almq3 (Tris(2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum)
  • TBADN (2-tert-Butyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene)
  • Ir(piq)2acac (Bis(1-phenylisoquinolinato-C2,N)iridium(III) acetylacetonate)
  • Ir(fdpt)3 (Tris(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato-C2,N)iridium(III))

2.1.1 Anthracene single crystal

Anthracene single crystals have excellent photoluminescence properties. They can emit light with high purity and efficiency in certain wavelength ranges. Their single-crystal structure allows for efficient energy transfer and radiative recombination of electrons and holes, resulting in bright light emission.

2.1.2 Alq3 (Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum, Kodak)

As mentioned before, Alq3 is not only used in ETLs but also finds applications in EMLs. In the EML, it can emit green light with relatively high efficiency. Its well-understood properties make it a popular choice for both research and commercial device fabrication.

2.1.3 Almq3 (Tris(2-methyl-8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum)

Similar to its use in ETLs, Almq3 can also be used in EMLs. It can emit light with different characteristics compared to Alq3, depending on its environment and the device structure. The methyl substitution can influence the energy levels and emission properties of the material.

2.1.4 Blue, Ricoh (Blue light-emitting material)

Ricoh's blue-light-emitting material is designed specifically for blue-light emission in EMLs. Blue light is an important component in full-color displays and white-light-emitting devices. This material is engineered to have high-efficiency blue-light emission, good color purity, and stability.

2.1.5 TBADN (2-tert-Butyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene)

TBADN has a large-conjugated molecular structure, which enables it to emit deep-blue light. Its high fluorescence quantum yield makes it suitable for applications where high-efficiency blue-light emission is required, such as in high-quality displays.

2.1.6 Ir(piq)2acac (Bis(1-phenylisoquinolinato-C2,N)iridium(III) acetylacetonate)

Ir(piq)2acac is a phosphorescent material. Phosphorescent materials can harvest both singlet and triplet excitons for light emission, which can significantly improve the internal quantum efficiency of the device. It is often used in high-efficiency OLEDs to enhance light-emission efficiency.

2.1.7 Ir(fdpt)3 (Tris(4,6-difluorophenylpyridinato-C2,N)iridium(III))

Ir(fdpt)3 is another phosphorescent iridium-based complex. It has unique photophysical properties, such as long-lived excited states and high phosphorescence efficiency. These properties make it useful for creating highly efficient and stable emissive layers in OLEDs.